Find precise fallback for ambiguous Any overloads

[ilevkivskyi]

It is a common pattern (especially in numeric libraries) to have a fallback overload that has a relatively precise return type (i.e. not just Any or list[Any]). We should try to find and use that overload if there is an ambiguity caused by an argument that contains Any.

This will likely cause some new errors, but this should limit the fallout from #22011

[github-actions]

Diff from mypy_primer, showing the effect of this PR on open source code:

colour (https://github.com/colour-science/colour)
- colour/io/luts/lut.py:1433: error: No overload variant of "pad" matches argument types "ndarray[Any, Any]", "tuple[int, Any | signedinteger[_8Bit] | signedinteger[_16Bit] | signedinteger[_32Bit] | signedinteger[_64Bit] | unsignedinteger[_8Bit] | unsignedinteger[_16Bit] | unsignedinteger[_32Bit] | unsignedinteger[_64Bit]]", "str", "float"  [call-overload]
+ colour/io/luts/lut.py:1433: error: No overload variant of "pad" matches argument types "ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[float64 | Any]]", "tuple[int, Any | signedinteger[_8Bit] | signedinteger[_16Bit] | signedinteger[_32Bit] | signedinteger[_64Bit] | unsignedinteger[_8Bit] | unsignedinteger[_16Bit] | unsignedinteger[_32Bit] | unsignedinteger[_64Bit]]", "str", "float"  [call-overload]

comtypes (https://github.com/enthought/comtypes)
- comtypes/_vtbl.py:430: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment  [unused-ignore]

core (https://github.com/home-assistant/core)
+ homeassistant/components/upcloud/entity.py:68: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment  [unused-ignore]
- homeassistant/components/enphase_envoy/coordinator.py:91: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "bool"  [no-any-return]

discord.py (https://github.com/Rapptz/discord.py)
+ discord/ui/view.py:281: error: Item "Item[Any]" of "Item[Any] | Any" has no attribute "_children"  [union-attr]
+ discord/ui/container.py:160: error: Item "Item[Any]" of "Item[Any] | Any" has no attribute "_children"  [union-attr]

pydantic (https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic)
- pydantic/v1/generics.py:124: error: No overload variant of "create_model" matches argument types "str", "str", "tuple[Any, ...]", "None", "dict[str, classmethod[Any, Any, Any]]", "None", "dict[Any, tuple[DeferredType, FieldInfo]]"  [call-overload]
+ pydantic/v1/generics.py:124: error: No overload variant of "create_model" matches argument types "str", "str", "tuple[type[GenericModelT] | type[Any], ...]", "None", "dict[str, classmethod[Any, Any, Any]]", "None", "dict[Any, tuple[DeferredType, FieldInfo]]"  [call-overload]

scipy (https://github.com/scipy/scipy)
+ scipy/sparse/_sputils.py:498: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "tuple[int | Any, ...]", variable has type "tuple[int]")  [assignment]

scikit-learn (https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn)
+ sklearn/linear_model/tests/test_ransac.py:26: error: Argument 1 to "__iadd__" of "ndarray" has incompatible type "ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[float64]]"; expected "_SupportsArray[dtype[numpy.bool[builtins.bool] | integer[Any]]] | _NestedSequence[_SupportsArray[dtype[numpy.bool[builtins.bool] | integer[Any]]]] | int | _NestedSequence[int]"  [arg-type]
+ sklearn/linear_model/tests/test_ransac.py:28: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[number[Any, float]]]", variable has type "ndarray[tuple[int], dtype[signedinteger[_32Bit | _64Bit]]]")  [assignment]
+ sklearn/linear_model/tests/test_ransac.py:29: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[number[Any, float]]]", variable has type "ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[floating[Any]]]")  [assignment]

tornado (https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado)
+ tornado/test/httpclient_test.py:1015: error: Argument 1 to "fetch" of "AsyncHTTPTestCase" has incompatible type "**dict[str | Any, str | Any]"; expected "bool"  [arg-type]
+ tornado/test/httpclient_test.py:1029: error: Argument 1 to "fetch" of "AsyncHTTPTestCase" has incompatible type "**dict[str | Any, str | Any]"; expected "bool"  [arg-type]

pandas (https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas)
+ pandas/core/arrays/categorical.py:504: error: Item "ExtensionArray" of "Any | ExtensionArray | ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[Any]]" has no attribute "_codes"  [union-attr]
+ pandas/core/arrays/categorical.py:504: error: Item "ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[Any]]" of "Any | ExtensionArray | ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[Any]]" has no attribute "_codes"  [union-attr]
+ pandas/core/tools/datetimes.py:741: error: No overload variant of "__add__" of "Timestamp" matches argument type "ExtensionArray"  [operator]
+ pandas/core/tools/datetimes.py:741: note: Possible overload variants:
+ pandas/core/tools/datetimes.py:741: note:     def __add__(self, ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[Any]], /) -> ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[Any]]
+ pandas/core/tools/datetimes.py:741: note:     def __add__(self, timedelta | timedelta64[Any] | Tick, /) -> Timestamp
+ pandas/core/tools/datetimes.py:741: error: Unsupported operand types for + ("NaTType" and "ExtensionArray")  [operator]
+ pandas/core/tools/datetimes.py:741: note: Both left and right operands are unions
+ pandas/core/tools/datetimes.py:754: error: Argument 2 to "_coerce_origin_overflow" has incompatible type "Any | ExtensionArray | ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[Any]]"; expected "TimedeltaArray"  [arg-type]
+ pandas/core/internals/construction.py:909: error: Argument 1 to "vstack" has incompatible type "list[Any | ExtensionArray | ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[Any]]]"; expected "Sequence[_SupportsArray[dtype[Any]] | _NestedSequence[_SupportsArray[dtype[Any]]]]"  [arg-type]

jax (https://github.com/google/jax)
- jax/experimental/mosaic/gpu/mma.py:199: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "ndarray[tuple[()], Any]", variable has type "list[Any]")  [assignment]
+ jax/experimental/mosaic/gpu/mma.py:199: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "ndarray[tuple[()], dtype[Any]]", variable has type "list[Any]")  [assignment]
+ jax/experimental/mosaic/gpu/tcgen05.py:1667: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "ndarray[tuple[int, int, int, int], dtype[Any]]", variable has type "ndarray[tuple[int, Any, int], dtype[Any]]")  [assignment]

ibis (https://github.com/ibis-project/ibis)
- ibis/backends/clickhouse/__init__.py:517: error: Argument 1 to "Schema" has incompatible type "dict[Any, Any]"; expected "FrozenOrderedDict[str, DataType]"  [arg-type]
+ ibis/backends/clickhouse/__init__.py:517: error: Argument 1 to "Schema" has incompatible type "dict[Any, DataType]"; expected "FrozenOrderedDict[str, DataType]"  [arg-type]
- ibis/backends/impala/__init__.py:1203: error: Argument 1 to "Schema" has incompatible type "dict[Any, Any]"; expected "FrozenOrderedDict[str, DataType]"  [arg-type]
+ ibis/backends/impala/__init__.py:1203: error: Argument 1 to "Schema" has incompatible type "dict[Any, DataType]"; expected "FrozenOrderedDict[str, DataType]"  [arg-type]
- ibis/backends/singlestoredb/__init__.py:948: error: Argument 1 to "Schema" has incompatible type "dict[Any, Any]"; expected "FrozenOrderedDict[str, DataType]"  [arg-type]
+ ibis/backends/singlestoredb/__init__.py:948: error: Argument 1 to "Schema" has incompatible type "dict[Any, DataType]"; expected "FrozenOrderedDict[str, DataType]"  [arg-type]

imagehash (https://github.com/JohannesBuchner/imagehash)
+ imagehash/__init__.py:428: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "ndarray[tuple[int], dtype[float64]]", variable has type "ndarray[tuple[int], dtype[signedinteger[_32Bit | _64Bit]]]")  [assignment]
+ imagehash/__init__.py:432: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "ndarray[tuple[int], dtype[float64]]", variable has type "ndarray[tuple[int], dtype[signedinteger[_32Bit | _64Bit]]]")  [assignment]

static-frame (https://github.com/static-frame/static-frame)
- static_frame/core/index_hierarchy.py:1523: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"  [no-any-return]

scipy-stubs (https://github.com/scipy/scipy-stubs)
+ tests/linalg/test__sketches.pyi:36: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment  [unused-ignore]
+ tests/spatial/test__rigid_transform.pyi:46: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment  [unused-ignore]

[ilevkivskyi]

OK, I went through most of the new errors and they all seem real. In general, I think having such a ~neutral (some errors added, some are gone) primer result for a PR replacing Any with something precise is a good sign. This is ready for review.