Add water consumption from electricity mix

[benoit-cty]

Description

Adds an estimation of the water consumed by your compute, reported in the existing water_consumed field (litres), across the whole stack:

• Core package: water_consumed is now the sum of
  • direct water: data center cooling water, computed from the user-provided wue parameter (unchanged, defaults to 0), and
  • indirect water (new): water consumed by power plants to generate the electricity used, estimated from the energy mix of the country (or Canadian region) where the machine runs — mirroring how carbon intensity is computed. Per-source factors live in codecarbon/data/private_infra/water_consumption_per_source.json (Meldrum et al. 2013, Macknick et al. 2012). When sources with known water intensity cover less than 90% of a country's mix (e.g. geothermal-heavy Kenya/Iceland), a world average of ~3.75 L/kWh is used (computed from the same per-source table weighted by the world mix, so the fallback is consistent with computed country values). Cloud providers publish no per-region water data, so cloud runs fall back to the water intensity of the host country.
• API: new water_consumed column on emissions (alembic migration included), accepted on emission creation and summed in run/experiment/project/organization reports.
• Webapp: a water radial chart next to the energy one on the organization, project and public project dashboards; water_consumed added to CSV exports.
• Docs: new Water Consumption section in the methodology page, CSV field documented, examples/water_consumption.py added.

This is a rework of the student branches feat/water_consumption and feat/water_consumption_S (the latter is a superset; both can be deleted once this merges). The branches were 481 commits behind master, so the feature was ported onto master rather than rebased, keeping the students as co-authors. Beyond the rebase, the main fixes over the original branch:

• The source keys of the water data file did not match global_energy_mix.json (natural_gas vs gas, missing oil/hydroelectricity/biofuel), so the energy-mix computation always fell back to the world average — and one fallback path called a method that did not exist (WaterPerKWh.from_g_per_kWh). Keys now match, hydro/oil/biofuel factors were added, and coverage is ≥90% for 207 of 213 countries.
• Fixed a 1000× unit error (gal/kWh vs gal/MWh) in the cloud fallback path.
• The exact-sum sanity check (which always failed) was replaced by a 90% coverage threshold with normalization over the covered share.
• Water now accumulates incrementally in _update_emissions() alongside emissions instead of being recomputed from the total at report time; wue water is added rather than replacing the estimate (direct + indirect, as in Li et al. 2023, "Making AI Less Thirsty").
• Removed methods duplicated from the Emissions class, the noisy per-measurement warnings, an unrelated alembic/env.py change, and a migration that carried unrelated auto-generated schema changes with a wrong down_revision.
• The webapp part was re-implemented from scratch: the original branch targeted the old Next.js webapp, which has since been replaced by the Vite + React Router app.

An adversarial multi-angle review was then run on the branch and its accepted findings applied: the water intensity is cached per location (it is constant for a run, and its fallback warnings now log once instead of every measurement cycle), the water estimation is wrapped so a failure can never break the carbon tracking, the new data file was added to [tool.setuptools.package-data] (verified present in a built wheel), the dead USA regional branch was dropped (only Canada ships a regional energy mix), a null water_consumed is coalesced to 0 before insert (the column is NOT NULL), and the duplicated webapp RadialChartData type/skeleton markup were consolidated.

Behavior change to be aware of (not an API break): water_consumed was previously wue × energy and therefore 0 unless wue was set. It is now non-zero for every run, since the indirect water of electricity generation is always estimated. Orders of magnitude: France ≈ 3.8 L/kWh (nuclear+hydro), Poland ≈ 1.8 L/kWh (coal), Norway ≈ 15 L/kWh (hydro reservoir evaporation — high but consistent with the literature; flagged as uncertain in the docs). If maintainers prefer the estimate to stay opt-in, gating it behind a parameter is a small follow-up.

Related Issue

Extends #894 (water usage estimation), which was partially addressed by the wue parameter in #941. Supersedes the branches feat/water_consumption and feat/water_consumption_S.

Motivation and Context

Computing does not only emit CO₂: generating the electricity it uses also consumes fresh water (thermal/nuclear plant cooling, reservoir evaporation). Reporting only the datacenter WUE misses this — usually dominant — indirect part, and required the user to know their WUE. With this change every run gets a water estimate out of the box, computed from the same energy-mix data already used for carbon intensity.

How Has This Been Tested?

• New unit tests in tests/test_water_consumption.py (14 tests): unit conversions, per-country values (FRA/POL), scaling with energy, world-average fallbacks (unknown country, low-coverage country, cloud without geo), CAN regional mix, USA regional fallback, and a data-file consistency test that fails if the JSON keys ever drift from global_energy_mix.json.
• Full core suite: uv run task test-package — passes except test_task_energy_with_live_update_interference, which fails identically on master (pre-existing, unrelated: energy sum mismatch).
• API unit tests: uv run task test-api-unit — 119 passed (fixtures extended with water_consumed; the existing wue default/custom tests now also assert the new field).
• Webapp: tsc --noEmit clean, vitest run — same 3 pre-existing interaction-test failures as master, everything else passes; prettier clean.
• Manual: end-to-end tracker run writes water_consumed to emissions.csv with the expected 3.83 L/kWh ratio for France; examples/water_consumption.py runs.

Screenshots (if appropriate):

Types of changes

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to change)

AI Usage Disclosure

• 🟥 AI-vibecoded: You cannot explain the logic.
• 🟠 AI-generated: the port to master, fixes, tests and docs were written by Claude under maintainer direction, on top of the students' original design and data.
• ⭐ AI-assisted.
• ♻️ No AI used.

Checklist:

• My code follows the code style of this project.
• My change requires a change to the documentation.
• I have updated the documentation accordingly.
• I have read the docs/how-to/contributing.md document.
• I have added tests to cover my changes.
• All new and existing tests passed.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 97.95918% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 92.18%. Comparing base (8a8776a) to head (427bd35).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
codecarbon/emissions_tracker.py	92.30%	1 Missing ⚠️
codecarbon/input.py	88.88%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #1407      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   92.07%   92.18%   +0.10%     
==========================================
  Files          49       50       +1     
  Lines        5202     5300      +98     
==========================================
+ Hits         4790     4886      +96     
- Misses        412      414       +2     

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[SaboniAmine]

Thanks for this integration Benoît!
I know that Benoît petit is working on the water consumption modelling, do you think we could make him review / discuss with us before we merge this one ?

[davidberenstein1957]

Merged master into this branch (two CLI conflicts, took master's side since the water feature does not touch them) and added tests/test_water_consumption.py with seven tests for the fallbacks and the tracker update, which should clear codecov/patch. No factor values changed. 692 tests pass locally. Shout if you want it done differently.