Turn complex, multi-million-line codebases into structured, deep-dive technical architecture books.
Every book features end-to-end architecture diagrams, design inferences, dual-pane interactive reading, and verbatim [FACT:file:lines] immutable commit anchors.
We are compiling comprehensive architecture books for 1,000 iconic open-source projects. Want an architecture book for your favorite library (e.g.
redis,react,kubernetes,sqlite,linux)? 👉 Nominate a Codebase / Vote on Next Books!
Need to understand a private enterprise codebase, onboard new engineers in hours, or audit a legacy monolith? Download the AiReadCode Desktop Client (Tauri 2 + Rust native core).
- 100% Offline & Private: Zero lines of code uploaded to any third-party server.
- Chapter 1 Free: Generate and read your project's first architecture chapter completely free. 👉 Download AiReadCode for Mac / Windows / Linux (Free Chapter 1)
- English Edition (Current): Master documentation, 100-book matrix & English monographs.
- 中文版入口 (Chinese Edition): 查看中文主目录、100本开源专著大纲矩阵与精读指引。
- Interactive Live Web Readers: Experience real-time dual-pane reading with live source code synchronization.
- AiReadCode Desktop Engine: Turn your own repositories into structured architectural books with one click.
The following 4 monographs are fully generated, audited, and ready to read online across 10 languages (English, 简体中文, 日本語, 한국어, 繁體中文, Español, Français, Deutsch, Русский, Português):
| Flagship Book | Domain Track | Tech Stack | Stars | Chapters | Interactive Reader | 10 Languages Available |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCCL Deep Dive: AllReduce | AI Infra & Deep Learning | C++/CUDA |
★ 6.2k | 25 Chapters | Read Online → | 🇨🇳 中文 · 🇺🇸 EN · 🇯🇵 日本語 · 🇰🇷 한국어 · 🇭🇰 繁體 · 🇪🇸 ES · 🇫🇷 FR · 🇩🇪 DE · 🇷🇺 RU · 🇵🇹 PT |
| Tokio Internals & Runtime | Systems & High-Performance | Rust |
★ 28.5k | 14 Chapters | Read Online → | 🇨🇳 中文 · 🇺🇸 EN · 🇯🇵 日本語 · 🇰🇷 한국어 · 🇭🇰 繁體 · 🇪🇸 ES · 🇫🇷 FR · 🇩🇪 DE · 🇷🇺 RU · 🇵🇹 PT |
| Inside vLLM Serving Engine | AI Infra & Deep Learning | Python/C++/CUDA |
★ 35.2k | 14 Chapters | Read Online → | 🇨🇳 中文 · 🇺🇸 EN · 🇯🇵 日本語 · 🇰🇷 한국어 · 🇭🇰 繁體 · 🇪🇸 ES · 🇫🇷 FR · 🇩🇪 DE · 🇷🇺 RU · 🇵🇹 PT |
| Vue 3 Core Architecture | Frontend & Web Runtimes | TypeScript |
★ 45.8k | 14 Chapters | Read Online → | 🇨🇳 中文 · 🇺🇸 EN · 🇯🇵 日本語 · 🇰🇷 한국어 · 🇭🇰 繁體 · 🇪🇸 ES · 🇫🇷 FR · 🇩🇪 DE · 🇷🇺 RU · 🇵🇹 PT |
We are systematically releasing 100 complete monographs across 5 core technology domains. Each book undergoes full AST parsing, architectural chunking, deep inference synthesis, and verbatim source verification.
| # | Monograph Name | Repository | Tech Stack | Stars | Chapters | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | vLLM: Inside vLLM: High-Throughput LLM Serving Engine Architecture | vllm-project/vllm |
Python/C++/CUDA |
35k+ | 14 | ✅ Available |
| 2 | NCCL: NCCL Deep Dive: The GPU Journey of an AllReduce Collective | NVIDIA/nccl |
C++/CUDA |
6k+ | 25 | ✅ Available |
| 3 | llama.cpp: llama.cpp Architecture: Pure C/C++ Edge LLM Inference Engine | ggerganov/llama.cpp |
C/C++ |
68k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 4 | Ollama: Ollama Internals: Local LLM Runtime & Containerized Serving | ollama/ollama |
Go/C++ |
95k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 5 | DeepSpeed: DeepSpeed: Memory Optimization & ZeRO Distributed Training | microsoft/DeepSpeed |
Python/C++ |
35k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 6 | Megatron-LM: Megatron-LM: 3D Parallelism for Large Scale Model Training | NVIDIA/Megatron-LM |
Python/CUDA |
12k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 7 | TensorRT-LLM: TensorRT-LLM: Hardware Acceleration & Graph Fusion | NVIDIA/TensorRT-LLM |
C++/Python |
9k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 8 | SGLang: SGLang: Structured Generation & RadixAttention Internals | sgl-project/sglang |
Python/C++ |
10k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 9 | LangChain: LangChain Architecture: Agent Orchestration & LCEL Pipeline | langchain-ai/langchain |
Python |
95k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 10 | LlamaIndex: LlamaIndex: Enterprise RAG Architecture & Multi-Stage Indexing | run-llama/llama_index |
Python |
38k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 11 | Transformers: Hugging Face Transformers: Model Abstractions & AutoModel Pipeline | huggingface/transformers |
Python |
135k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 12 | PyTorch Core: PyTorch Core: Autograd Computation Graph & ATen Dispatcher | pytorch/pytorch |
C++/Python |
85k+ | 20 | ⏳ Queued |
| 13 | Triton: OpenAI Triton: Compiler Architecture & GPU Kernel Generation | triton-lang/triton |
Python/C++ |
13k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 14 | FlashAttention: FlashAttention: Fast & Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness | Dao-AILab/flash-attention |
CUDA/C++ |
16k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 15 | Axolotl: Axolotl: Modular LLM Fine-Tuning Pipeline & Architecture | axolotl-ai-cloud/axolotl |
Python |
7k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 16 | FastChat: FastChat: Distributed Model Serving & Chatbot Arena Pipeline | lm-sys/FastChat |
Python |
35k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 17 | TGI: Hugging Face TGI: High-Performance Rust Web Server & LLM Serving | huggingface/text-generation-inference |
Rust/Python |
9k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 18 | AutoGPT: AutoGPT: Autonomous Agent Execution Loop & Architecture | Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT |
Python |
168k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 19 | CrewAI: CrewAI: Multi-Agent Role Collaboration & Task Delegation System | crewAIInc/crewAI |
Python |
25k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 20 | Dify: Dify: LLM Workflow Orchestration & Hybrid Agent Platform | langgenius/dify |
Python/TypeScript |
65k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| # | Monograph Name | Repository | Tech Stack | Stars | Chapters | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | Tokio: Tokio Internals: From Future to Production Asynchronous Runtime | tokio-rs/tokio |
Rust |
28k+ | 14 | ✅ Available |
| 22 | Redis: Inside Redis: Event Loop, Memory Structures & Persistence Engine | redis/redis |
C |
66k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 23 | Nginx: Nginx Architecture: High-Performance Multi-Process Event Model | nginx/nginx |
C |
24k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 24 | SQLite: The Architecture of SQLite: B-Tree, VDBE & WAL Logging Engine | sqlite/sqlite |
C |
6k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 25 | Linux Kernel: Linux Kernel Internals: CFS Scheduler, VMM & VFS Architecture | torvalds/linux |
C |
180k+ | 24 | ⏳ Queued |
| 26 | RocksDB: RocksDB: High-Performance LSM-Tree Storage Engine & Compaction | facebook/rocksdb |
C++ |
30k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 27 | ClickHouse: ClickHouse: Vectorized Query Execution Engine & Columnar Storage | ClickHouse/ClickHouse |
C++ |
38k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 28 | TiDB: TiDB Internals: SQL Parser, Cost-Based Optimizer & Distributed Transactions | pingcap/tidb |
Go |
37k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 29 | Envoy: Envoy Proxy: High-Performance Event-Driven Architecture & xDS Control Plane | envoyproxy/envoy |
C++ |
30k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 30 | BCC / eBPF: eBPF & BCC: Kernel Tracing, Observability & Performance Tools | iovisor/bcc |
C/Python/Lua |
20k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 31 | DuckDB: DuckDB Architecture: In-Process Analytical Engine & Vectorized Pipelines | duckdb/duckdb |
C++ |
26k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 32 | Memcached: Memcached: Slab Allocator & Multi-Threaded Event Loop | memcached/memcached |
C |
14k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 33 | etcd: Inside etcd: Raft Consensus Protocol & MVCC Storage Engine | etcd-io/etcd |
Go |
47k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 34 | Apache Arrow: Apache Arrow: Columnar In-Memory Format & Zero-Copy Interoperability | apache/arrow |
C++/Rust/Python |
15k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 35 | DPDK: DPDK: Kernel-Bypass Networking & Poll Mode Drivers | DPDK/dpdk |
C |
3k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 36 | io_uring / liburing: io_uring & liburing: Linux Asynchronous I/O Ring Buffers & Zero-Copy | axboe/liburing |
C |
5k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 37 | Rust Standard Library: The Rust Standard Library: Core Abstractions, Concurrency & Allocators | rust-lang/rust |
Rust |
98k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 38 | QEMU: QEMU: Hardware Virtualization & Tiny Code Generator (TCG) | qemu/qemu |
C |
11k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 39 | PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL Internals: Query Executor, MVCC & Write-Ahead Logging | postgres/postgres |
C |
16k+ | 20 | ⏳ Queued |
| 40 | FreeBSD Kernel: FreeBSD Kernel: Process Scheduling, Jails & Network Subsystems | freebsd/freebsd-src |
C |
8k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| # | Monograph Name | Repository | Tech Stack | Stars | Chapters | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 41 | Vue 3 Core: Vue 3 Core Architecture: From Source Code to Full-Pipeline Engineering | vuejs/core |
TypeScript |
46k+ | 14 | ✅ Available |
| 42 | React: Inside React: Fiber Reconciliation, Lane Model & Concurrent Mode | facebook/react |
JavaScript/TypeScript |
228k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 43 | Node.js: Node.js Architecture: V8 Engine Integration, libuv Loop & Native Addons | nodejs/node |
C++/JavaScript |
106k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 44 | Deno: Deno Internals: Rust-V8 Bridge, Secure Sandbox & Web Standards | denoland/deno |
Rust/TypeScript |
95k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 45 | Bun: Bun Architecture: JavaScriptCore Integration & Zig System Call Pipeline | oven-sh/bun |
Zig/C++ |
75k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 46 | Next.js: Next.js Architecture: App Router, React Server Components & Turbopack | vercel/next.js |
JavaScript/Rust |
125k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 47 | Vite: Vite: No-Bundle Dev Server, ESM Transformation & Rolldown Bundler | vitejs/vite |
TypeScript/Rust |
68k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 48 | Svelte: Svelte 5 Internals: Compiler Architecture, Runes & Zero-Runtime Codegen | sveltejs/svelte |
TypeScript |
80k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 49 | Angular: Angular Architecture: Dependency Injection, Signals & Ivy Compiler | angular/angular |
TypeScript |
95k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 50 | TypeScript Compiler: Inside TypeScript: Parser, Type Checker & AST Transformation Engine | microsoft/TypeScript |
TypeScript |
100k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 51 | esbuild: esbuild Architecture: Parallel AST Parsing, Linker & Minification in Go | evanw/esbuild |
Go |
38k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 52 | Turbopack: Turbopack: Incremental Computation Engine & Rust Asset Bundling | vercel/turbo |
Rust |
27k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 53 | Electron: Electron Architecture: Chromium & Node.js Integration with IPC Pipelines | electron/electron |
C++/JavaScript |
115k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 54 | Tauri: Tauri Architecture: WRY Webview, Inter-Process Bridge & Security Model | tauri-apps/tauri |
Rust/TypeScript |
84k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 55 | Zustand: Zustand Internals: Minimalist State Management & React Sync Subscriptions | pmndrs/zustand |
TypeScript |
45k+ | 10 | ⏳ Queued |
| 56 | TanStack Query: TanStack Query: Async State Machines, Caching Strategies & GC Mechanics | TanStack/query |
TypeScript |
42k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 57 | Redux Toolkit: Redux Toolkit: Opinionated Redux, Immer Immutability & RTK Query | reduxjs/redux-toolkit |
TypeScript |
11k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 58 | Three.js: Three.js Architecture: Scene Graph, Shaders & WebGPU Abstractions | mrdoob/three.js |
JavaScript |
100k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 59 | Astro: Astro Internals: Islands Architecture & Zero-JS Static Generation | withastro/astro |
TypeScript |
48k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 60 | Remix: Remix Architecture: Nested Routing, Data Loaders & Web Standards Focus | remix-run/remix |
TypeScript |
30k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| # | Monograph Name | Repository | Tech Stack | Stars | Chapters | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 61 | Kubernetes: Kubernetes Architecture: Control Plane, Declarative Reconciliation & Kubelet | kubernetes/kubernetes |
Go |
110k+ | 24 | ⏳ Queued |
| 62 | Docker / Moby: Docker & Moby Architecture: containerd, runc & Namespace Isolation | moby/moby |
Go |
68k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 63 | Istio: Istio Service Mesh: Pilot Control Plane & Envoy Sidecar Management | istio/istio |
Go |
35k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 64 | Prometheus: Prometheus Internals: TSDB Time-Series Engine & PromQL Parser | prometheus/prometheus |
Go |
56k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 65 | OpenTelemetry Core: OpenTelemetry Collector: Telemetry Pipelines, Receivers & Processors | open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector |
Go |
5k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 66 | Cilium: Cilium Architecture: eBPF Cloud-Native Networking & Security Policies | cilium/cilium |
Go/C |
20k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 67 | Apache Kafka: Apache Kafka Internals: Partition Replication, KRaft & Zero-Copy I/O | apache/kafka |
Java/Scala |
28k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 68 | Apache Spark: Apache Spark: DAG Scheduler, Tungsten Engine & Catalyst Optimizer | apache/spark |
Scala/Java |
38k+ | 20 | ⏳ Queued |
| 69 | Apache Flink: Apache Flink: Streaming State Machines, Checkpoints & Event-Time Engine | apache/flink |
Java/Scala |
24k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 70 | Milvus: Milvus Architecture: Vector Indexing Engines & Distributed Storage | milvus-io/milvus |
Go/C++ |
30k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 71 | Qdrant: Qdrant Internals: HNSW Graphs & Filtered Vector Search in Rust | qdrant/qdrant |
Rust |
20k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 72 | MinIO: MinIO Architecture: Erasure Coding, S3 Compatibility & Object Storage | minio/minio |
Go |
46k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 73 | Traefik: Traefik: Edge Router Architecture & Dynamic Provider Discovery | traefik/traefik |
Go |
50k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 74 | Helm: Inside Helm: Chart Template Engine & Kubernetes Release Management | helm/helm |
Go |
26k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 75 | Harbor: Harbor Registry: Multi-Tenant Architecture & Image Replication Engine | goharbor/harbor |
Go |
24k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 76 | Consul: Consul Architecture: Gossip Protocol, Serf & Multi-DC Service Discovery | hashicorp/consul |
Go |
28k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 77 | CoreDNS: CoreDNS Architecture: Plugin-Driven DNS Server & K8s Resolution | coredns/coredns |
Go |
12k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 78 | Apache Pulsar: Apache Pulsar: Segment-Centric Architecture & BookKeeper Storage Engine | apache/pulsar |
Java |
14k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 79 | Linkerd: Linkerd Service Mesh: Micro-Proxy linkerd2-proxy Architecture in Rust | linkerd/linkerd2 |
Rust/Go |
11k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 80 | Dapr: Dapr Internals: Distributed Application Runtime Building Blocks | dapr/dapr |
Go |
23k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| # | Monograph Name | Repository | Tech Stack | Stars | Chapters | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 81 | Git Core: Git Internals: Content-Addressable Storage, Packfile & 3-Way Merge | git/git |
C |
54k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 82 | VS Code: VS Code Architecture: Extension Host Isolation, Monaco & LSP Pipeline | microsoft/vscode |
TypeScript |
162k+ | 20 | ⏳ Queued |
| 83 | Rust Compiler: Inside rustc: HIR, MIR Representations, Borrow Checker & LLVM Codegen | rust-lang/rust |
Rust |
98k+ | 20 | ⏳ Queued |
| 84 | LLVM Core: The Architecture of LLVM: IR Design, Optimization Passes & Target Backends | llvm/llvm-project |
C++ |
30k+ | 22 | ⏳ Queued |
| 85 | CPython: Inside CPython: Bytecode VM, GIL Concurrency & Tracing Garbage Collector | python/cpython |
C |
63k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 86 | Go Runtime: The Go Runtime: GMP Scheduler, Tri-Color Mark-Sweep GC & Preemption | golang/go |
Go |
125k+ | 18 | ⏳ Queued |
| 87 | Neovim: Neovim Architecture: MessagePack-RPC, Embedded Lua Engine & Async UI | neovim/neovim |
C/Lua |
84k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 88 | Ripgrep: Ripgrep Internals: Parallel Directory Walk, SIMD Acceleration & Regex Engine | BurntSushi/ripgrep |
Rust |
48k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 89 | Starship: Starship Prompt: Parallel Module Rendering & Zero-Lag Architecture | starship/starship |
Rust |
45k+ | 10 | ⏳ Queued |
| 90 | Helix Editor: Helix Editor Architecture: Tree-sitter Syntax Engine & Rope Buffer | helix-editor/helix |
Rust |
35k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 91 | Zig Compiler: Zig Compiler Internals: comptime Execution & Self-Hosted Codegen | ziglang/zig |
Zig/C++ |
36k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
| 92 | Cargo: Cargo Internals: PubGrub Dependency Resolution & Build Orchestration | rust-lang/cargo |
Rust |
13k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 93 | Fish Shell: Fish Shell Architecture: Interactive Autosuggestions & Rust Rewrite | fish-shell/fish-shell |
Rust |
26k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 94 | Tmux: Inside Tmux: Client-Server Architecture & Pseudo-Terminal (PTY) Management | tmux/tmux |
C |
38k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 95 | Alacritty: Alacritty Architecture: GPU-Accelerated OpenGL Text Rendering | alacritty/alacritty |
Rust |
56k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 96 | fzf: fzf Internals: Smith-Waterman Fuzzy Match Algorithm & Streaming Engine | junegunn/fzf |
Go |
65k+ | 10 | ⏳ Queued |
| 97 | SWC: SWC Architecture: High-Performance Rust JS/TS Transpiler & Minifier | swc-project/swc |
Rust |
32k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 98 | Ruff: Ruff Internals: Blazing Fast Python Linter & Formatter in Rust | astral-sh/ruff |
Rust |
36k+ | 12 | ⏳ Queued |
| 99 | Biome: Biome Architecture: Resilient Parser, Linter & Formatter in Rust | biomejs/biome |
Rust |
18k+ | 14 | ⏳ Queued |
| 100 | Zed Editor: Zed Editor Architecture: GPUI GPU Framework & CRDT Collaborative Engine | zed-industries/zed |
Rust |
50k+ | 16 | ⏳ Queued |
Every book repository follows a strict, zero-ambiguity structure designed for automated updates and seamless multi-language navigation:
AiReadCodeBooks/
├── README.md # English Master Catalog & 100-Book Matrix
├── README_zh.md # Chinese Master Catalog & 100-Book Matrix
├── LICENSE # CC BY-NC 4.0 License
├── doc/
│ └── AiReadCodeBooks_100本开源多语言专著生成与运营落地方案.md
├── scripts/
│ ├── book_matrix_100.json # Structured 100-repository metadata registry
│ └── update_catalog.py # Automatic README & matrix sync script
└── books/
├── <slug>/ # e.g., vue3, tokio, vllm, nccl
│ ├── README.md # English book introduction & chapter index
│ ├── README_zh.md # Chinese book introduction & chapter index
│ ├── meta.json # Repository metadata, stars, chapters, tags
│ ├── en/ # Complete English chapters
│ │ ├── 01-<slug>.md
│ │ └── ...
│ └── zh/ # Complete Chinese chapters
│ ├── 01-<slug>.md
│ └── ...
- FACT Line-Level Grounding: Every code slice cited in the books is tagged with
[FACT:path/to/file:Lstart-Lend], ensuring verifiable correctness against upstream Git commits. - Four-Layer Progressive Narrative:
Layer 1: Macro Mental Model— Intuitive abstractions and system architecture maps.Layer 2: End-to-End Main Lifecycle— Tracing a complete request, packet, or build step.Layer 3: Core Subsystems— Deep dive into memory allocators, schedulers, and drivers.Layer 4: Trade-offs & Production Pitfalls— Design inferences, deadlocks, and tuning benchmarks.
- Dual-Pane Interactive Experience: Readers on aireadcode.com/books can click any
[FACT]badge to view full, syntax-highlighted source code in a synchronized side inspector.
- Request a Monograph: Open an issue titled
[Book Request] <Repo Name>with your target GitHub URL. - Submit Translations & Fixes: PRs improving technical explanations, fixing typos, or adding new language editions (
ja/,es/,ko/) are warmly welcome.
Text content and architectural diagrams are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Code snippets quoted in the texts belong to their respective original open-source authors under their project licenses.