diff --git a/codecarbon/data/private_infra/2023/usa_emissions.json b/codecarbon/data/private_infra/2023/usa_emissions.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b70855b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codecarbon/data/private_infra/2023/usa_emissions.json
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+{
+  "_unit": {
+    "emissions": "lbs/MWh",
+    "regionCode": "2 digit state/region code"
+  },
+  "_source": {
+    "name": "EPA eGRID2023, annual CO2 equivalent total output emission rate",
+    "url": "https://www.epa.gov/egrid/download-data",
+    "field": "STC2ERTA",
+    "year": 2023
+  },
+  "alabama": {
+    "emissions": 713.976,
+    "regionCode": "AL"
+  },
+  "alaska": {
+    "emissions": 814.457,
+    "regionCode": "AK"
+  },
+  "arizona": {
+    "emissions": 689.104,
+    "regionCode": "AZ"
+  },
+  "arkansas": {
+    "emissions": 998.414,
+    "regionCode": "AR"
+  },
+  "california": {
+    "emissions": 394.769,
+    "regionCode": "CA"
+  },
+  "colorado": {
+    "emissions": 1091.078,
+    "regionCode": "CO"
+  },
+  "connecticut": {
+    "emissions": 540.674,
+    "regionCode": "CT"
+  },
+  "delaware": {
+    "emissions": 704.171,
+    "regionCode": "DE"
+  },
+  "district of columbia": {
+    "emissions": 395.011,
+    "regionCode": "DC"
+  },
+  "florida": {
+    "emissions": 789.133,
+    "regionCode": "FL"
+  },
+  "georgia": {
+    "emissions": 717.445,
+    "regionCode": "GA"
+  },
+  "hawaii": {
+    "emissions": 1394.68,
+    "regionCode": "HI"
+  },
+  "idaho": {
+    "emissions": 313.88,
+    "regionCode": "ID"
+  },
+  "illinois": {
+    "emissions": 474.436,
+    "regionCode": "IL"
+  },
+  "indiana": {
+    "emissions": 1465.502,
+    "regionCode": "IN"
+  },
+  "iowa": {
+    "emissions": 634.156,
+    "regionCode": "IA"
+  },
+  "kansas": {
+    "emissions": 733.284,
+    "regionCode": "KS"
+  },
+  "kentucky": {
+    "emissions": 1747.004,
+    "regionCode": "KY"
+  },
+  "louisiana": {
+    "emissions": 763.068,
+    "regionCode": "LA"
+  },
+  "maine": {
+    "emissions": 316.835,
+    "regionCode": "ME"
+  },
+  "maryland": {
+    "emissions": 522.207,
+    "regionCode": "MD"
+  },
+  "massachusetts": {
+    "emissions": 830.101,
+    "regionCode": "MA"
+  },
+  "michigan": {
+    "emissions": 797.432,
+    "regionCode": "MI"
+  },
+  "minnesota": {
+    "emissions": 752.329,
+    "regionCode": "MN"
+  },
+  "mississippi": {
+    "emissions": 828.274,
+    "regionCode": "MS"
+  },
+  "missouri": {
+    "emissions": 1454.593,
+    "regionCode": "MO"
+  },
+  "montana": {
+    "emissions": 1063.921,
+    "regionCode": "MT"
+  },
+  "nebraska": {
+    "emissions": 1025.822,
+    "regionCode": "NE"
+  },
+  "nevada": {
+    "emissions": 643.859,
+    "regionCode": "NV"
+  },
+  "new hampshire": {
+    "emissions": 276.222,
+    "regionCode": "NH"
+  },
+  "new jersey": {
+    "emissions": 470.168,
+    "regionCode": "NJ"
+  },
+  "new mexico": {
+    "emissions": 773.637,
+    "regionCode": "NM"
+  },
+  "new york": {
+    "emissions": 466.616,
+    "regionCode": "NY"
+  },
+  "north carolina": {
+    "emissions": 626.438,
+    "regionCode": "NC"
+  },
+  "north dakota": {
+    "emissions": 1297.852,
+    "regionCode": "ND"
+  },
+  "ohio": {
+    "emissions": 1068.27,
+    "regionCode": "OH"
+  },
+  "oklahoma": {
+    "emissions": 648.834,
+    "regionCode": "OK"
+  },
+  "oregon": {
+    "emissions": 364.963,
+    "regionCode": "OR"
+  },
+  "pennsylvania": {
+    "emissions": 647.871,
+    "regionCode": "PA"
+  },
+  "rhode island": {
+    "emissions": 840.004,
+    "regionCode": "RI"
+  },
+  "south carolina": {
+    "emissions": 560.363,
+    "regionCode": "SC"
+  },
+  "south dakota": {
+    "emissions": 335.582,
+    "regionCode": "SD"
+  },
+  "tennessee": {
+    "emissions": 661.166,
+    "regionCode": "TN"
+  },
+  "texas": {
+    "emissions": 771.179,
+    "regionCode": "TX"
+  },
+  "utah": {
+    "emissions": 1421.234,
+    "regionCode": "UT"
+  },
+  "vermont": {
+    "emissions": 52.239,
+    "regionCode": "VT"
+  },
+  "virginia": {
+    "emissions": 539.599,
+    "regionCode": "VA"
+  },
+  "washington": {
+    "emissions": 266.585,
+    "regionCode": "WA"
+  },
+  "west virginia": {
+    "emissions": 1968.869,
+    "regionCode": "WV"
+  },
+  "wisconsin": {
+    "emissions": 1163.572,
+    "regionCode": "WI"
+  },
+  "wyoming": {
+    "emissions": 1833.263,
+    "regionCode": "WY"
+  },
+  "usa": {
+    "emissions": 770.884,
+    "regionCode": "usa"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/codecarbon/data/private_infra/update_usa_emissions.py b/codecarbon/data/private_infra/update_usa_emissions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e8220b32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codecarbon/data/private_infra/update_usa_emissions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Build ``usa_emissions.json`` from the EPA eGRID data workbook.
+
+Download the workbook from https://www.epa.gov/egrid/download-data, then run:
+
+    uv run --with openpyxl python codecarbon/data/private_infra/update_usa_emissions.py \\
+        egrid2023_data_rev2.xlsx --year 2023
+
+The state rates come from the ``ST<yy>`` sheet and the national rate from the
+``US<yy>`` sheet. Both sheets have a description row, then a row of eGRID
+field names, then the data.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pandas as pd
+
+STATE_NAMES = {
+    "AK": "alaska",
+    "AL": "alabama",
+    "AR": "arkansas",
+    "AZ": "arizona",
+    "CA": "california",
+    "CO": "colorado",
+    "CT": "connecticut",
+    "DC": "district of columbia",
+    "DE": "delaware",
+    "FL": "florida",
+    "GA": "georgia",
+    "HI": "hawaii",
+    "IA": "iowa",
+    "ID": "idaho",
+    "IL": "illinois",
+    "IN": "indiana",
+    "KS": "kansas",
+    "KY": "kentucky",
+    "LA": "louisiana",
+    "MA": "massachusetts",
+    "MD": "maryland",
+    "ME": "maine",
+    "MI": "michigan",
+    "MN": "minnesota",
+    "MO": "missouri",
+    "MS": "mississippi",
+    "MT": "montana",
+    "NC": "north carolina",
+    "ND": "north dakota",
+    "NE": "nebraska",
+    "NH": "new hampshire",
+    "NJ": "new jersey",
+    "NM": "new mexico",
+    "NV": "nevada",
+    "NY": "new york",
+    "OH": "ohio",
+    "OK": "oklahoma",
+    "OR": "oregon",
+    "PA": "pennsylvania",
+    "RI": "rhode island",
+    "SC": "south carolina",
+    "SD": "south dakota",
+    "TN": "tennessee",
+    "TX": "texas",
+    "UT": "utah",
+    "VA": "virginia",
+    "VT": "vermont",
+    "WA": "washington",
+    "WI": "wisconsin",
+    "WV": "west virginia",
+    "WY": "wyoming",
+}
+
+RATE_FIELDS = {
+    "co2e": ("C2ERTA", "CO2 equivalent"),
+    "co2": ("CO2RTA", "CO2"),
+}
+
+
+def read_egrid_rates(workbook: Path, year: int, gas: str = "co2e") -> tuple:
+    """Return the state rates and the national rate (lb/MWh) for one gas."""
+    yy = f"{year % 100:02d}"
+    field = RATE_FIELDS[gas][0]
+    states = pd.read_excel(workbook, sheet_name=f"ST{yy}", header=1)
+    national = pd.read_excel(workbook, sheet_name=f"US{yy}", header=1)
+    state_rates = dict(zip(states["PSTATABB"], states[f"ST{field}"]))
+    return state_rates, float(national[f"US{field}"].iloc[0])
+
+
+def build_usa_emissions(
+    state_rates: dict, national_rate: float, year: int, gas: str = "co2e"
+) -> dict:
+    field, gas_label = RATE_FIELDS[gas]
+    missing = sorted(set(STATE_NAMES) - set(state_rates))
+    if missing:
+        raise ValueError(f"States missing from eGRID{year}: {', '.join(missing)}")
+
+    data = {
+        "_unit": {
+            "emissions": "lbs/MWh",
+            "regionCode": "2 digit state/region code",
+        },
+        "_source": {
+            "name": f"EPA eGRID{year}, annual {gas_label} total output emission rate",
+            "url": "https://www.epa.gov/egrid/download-data",
+            "field": f"ST{field}",
+            "year": year,
+        },
+    }
+    for code, name in sorted(STATE_NAMES.items(), key=lambda item: item[1]):
+        data[name] = {
+            "emissions": round(float(state_rates[code]), 3),
+            "regionCode": code,
+        }
+    data["usa"] = {"emissions": round(national_rate, 3), "regionCode": "usa"}
+    return data
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__.splitlines()[0])
+    parser.add_argument("workbook", type=Path, help="eGRID data workbook (.xlsx)")
+    parser.add_argument("--year", type=int, required=True, help="eGRID data year")
+    parser.add_argument("--gas", choices=sorted(RATE_FIELDS), default="co2e")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--output",
+        type=Path,
+        default=None,
+        help="defaults to <year>/usa_emissions.json next to this script",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    output = args.output or (
+        Path(__file__).resolve().parent / str(args.year) / "usa_emissions.json"
+    )
+    state_rates, national_rate = read_egrid_rates(args.workbook, args.year, args.gas)
+    data = build_usa_emissions(state_rates, national_rate, args.year, args.gas)
+    output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    output.write_text(json.dumps(data, indent=2) + "\n")
+    print(f"Wrote {len(STATE_NAMES)} states and the national rate to {output}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/codecarbon/input.py b/codecarbon/input.py
index eaf26644c..677348798 100644
--- a/codecarbon/input.py
+++ b/codecarbon/input.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def __init__(self):
         self.config = {
             "geo_js_url": "https://get.geojs.io/v1/ip/geo.json",
             "cloud_emissions_path": "data/cloud/impact.csv",
-            "usa_emissions_data_path": "data/private_infra/2016/usa_emissions.json",
+            "usa_emissions_data_path": "data/private_infra/2023/usa_emissions.json",
             "can_energy_mix_data_path": "data/private_infra/2023/canada_energy_mix.json",  # noqa: E501
             "global_energy_mix_data_path": "data/private_infra/global_energy_mix.json",  # noqa: E501
             "carbon_intensity_per_source_path": "data/private_infra/carbon_intensity_per_source.json",
diff --git a/docs/explanation/methodology.md b/docs/explanation/methodology.md
index ef6a09c1f..842a58ac6 100644
--- a/docs/explanation/methodology.md
+++ b/docs/explanation/methodology.md
@@ -42,11 +42,19 @@ reports a region in one of them:
 
 | Country | Granularity | Source |
 |---------|-------------|--------|
-| United States | State | [Emissions per state, 2016](https://github.com/mlco2/codecarbon/blob/master/codecarbon/data/private_infra/2016/usa_emissions.json) |
+| United States | State | [EPA eGRID2023 emission rate per state](https://github.com/mlco2/codecarbon/blob/master/codecarbon/data/private_infra/2023/usa_emissions.json) |
 | Canada | Province | [Energy mix per province, 2023](https://github.com/mlco2/codecarbon/blob/master/codecarbon/data/private_infra/2023/canada_energy_mix.json) |
 | Sweden, Norway, Finland | Electricity bidding zone (SE1-SE4, NO1-NO5, FI) | [ENTSO-E generation mix, 2025](https://github.com/mlco2/codecarbon/blob/master/codecarbon/data/private_infra/nordic_emissions.json) |
 | China | Province (30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions) | [MEE/NBS Announcement 2025 No. 47, 2023 factors](https://github.com/mlco2/codecarbon/blob/master/codecarbon/data/private_infra/2023/china_provincial_emissions.json) |
 
+For the United States, the values are the eGRID2023 state annual CO₂eq
+total output emission rates published by the U.S. Environmental Protection
+Agency ([source](https://www.epa.gov/egrid/download-data)). They range from
+24 gCO₂eq/kWh in Vermont to 893 gCO₂eq/kWh in West Virginia, with a national
+value of 350 gCO₂eq/kWh. To update them when EPA publishes a new edition,
+download the eGRID data workbook and run
+`uv run --with openpyxl python codecarbon/data/private_infra/update_usa_emissions.py <workbook> --year <year>`.
+
 For China, the values are the official provincial average electricity
 CO₂ emission factors published by the Ministry of Ecology and
 Environment and the National Bureau of Statistics
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 57d3f2154..fea5ec51d 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ codecarbon = [
     "data/private_infra/global_energy_mix.json",
     "data/private_infra/carbon_intensity_per_source.json",
     "data/private_infra/nordic_emissions.json",
-    "data/private_infra/2016/usa_emissions.json",
+    "data/private_infra/2023/usa_emissions.json",
     "data/private_infra/2023/canada_energy_mix.json",
     "data/private_infra/2023/china_provincial_emissions.json",
     "viz/assets/car_icon.png",
@@ -198,4 +198,5 @@ source = [
 ]
 omit = [
     "codecarbon/viz/*",
+    "codecarbon/data/*",
 ]
diff --git a/tests/test_emissions.py b/tests/test_emissions.py
index 2e067d306..8dd5c3856 100644
--- a/tests/test_emissions.py
+++ b/tests/test_emissions.py
@@ -165,8 +165,9 @@ def test_get_emissions_PRIVATE_INFRA_USA_WITH_REGION(self):
         )
 
         # THEN
+        # Illinois: 474.4 lbCO2eq/MWh in eGRID2023
         assert isinstance(emissions, float)
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(emissions, 0.11, places=2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(emissions, 0.3 * 474.4 * 0.00045359237, places=4)
 
     def test_get_emissions_PRIVATE_INFRA_USA_WITHOUT_REGION(self):
         # WHEN
@@ -571,3 +572,35 @@ def test_china_forced_intensity_takes_precedence(self):
         )
 
         self.assertAlmostEqual(emissions, 0.1, places=6)
+
+    def _usa_geo(self, region):
+        return GeoMetadata(
+            country_iso_code="USA", country_name="United States", region=region
+        )
+
+    def test_usa_state_rates_match_egrid2023(self):
+        data = self._data_source.get_country_emissions_data("usa")
+
+        self.assertEqual(data["_source"]["year"], 2023)
+        self.assertEqual(data["_source"]["field"], "STC2ERTA")
+        states = {k: v for k, v in data.items() if not k.startswith("_")}
+        self.assertEqual(len(states), 52)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(data["georgia"]["emissions"], 717.4, delta=0.05)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(data["vermont"]["emissions"], 52.2, delta=0.05)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(data["west virginia"]["emissions"], 1968.9, delta=0.05)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(data["usa"]["emissions"], 770.9, delta=0.05)
+
+    def test_usa_every_state_resolves_to_its_own_rate(self):
+        data = self._data_source.get_country_emissions_data("usa")
+        energy = Energy.from_energy(kWh=1.0)
+
+        for name, state in data.items():
+            if name.startswith("_") or name == "usa":
+                continue
+            with self.subTest(state=name):
+                emissions = self._emissions.get_private_infra_emissions(
+                    energy, self._usa_geo(name.title())
+                )
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                    emissions, state["emissions"] * 0.00045359237, places=9
+                )
diff --git a/tests/test_update_usa_emissions.py b/tests/test_update_usa_emissions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14fa2e5e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_update_usa_emissions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import importlib.util
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+SCRIPT = (
+    Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    / "codecarbon/data/private_infra/update_usa_emissions.py"
+)
+DATA = (
+    Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    / "codecarbon/data/private_infra/2023/usa_emissions.json"
+)
+
+# The script is a maintenance tool that is not shipped in the wheel, so the
+# wheel test run (which only checks out tests/) does not have it.
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not SCRIPT.exists(), reason="update script is not part of the installed package"
+)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def script():
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("update_usa_emissions", SCRIPT)
+    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    spec.loader.exec_module(module)
+    return module
+
+
+def _rates(script, value=500.0):
+    return {code: value for code in script.STATE_NAMES}
+
+
+def test_build_has_every_state_and_the_national_rate(script):
+    data = script.build_usa_emissions(_rates(script), 600.0, 2023)
+
+    assert data["georgia"] == {"emissions": 500.0, "regionCode": "GA"}
+    assert data["district of columbia"]["regionCode"] == "DC"
+    assert data["usa"] == {"emissions": 600.0, "regionCode": "usa"}
+    assert data["_source"]["field"] == "STC2ERTA"
+    assert len([k for k in data if not k.startswith("_")]) == 52
+
+
+def test_build_can_use_co2_only_rates(script):
+    data = script.build_usa_emissions(_rates(script), 600.0, 2023, gas="co2")
+
+    assert data["_source"]["field"] == "STCO2RTA"
+
+
+def test_build_rejects_a_missing_state(script):
+    rates = _rates(script)
+    del rates["WY"]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="WY"):
+        script.build_usa_emissions(rates, 600.0, 2023)
+
+
+def test_extra_regions_are_ignored(script):
+    rates = _rates(script)
+    rates["PR"] = 1548.5
+
+    data = script.build_usa_emissions(rates, 600.0, 2023)
+
+    assert "puerto rico" not in data
+    assert all(v.get("regionCode") != "PR" for v in data.values())
+
+
+def test_packaged_file_matches_the_script_format(script):
+    packaged = json.loads(DATA.read_text())
+    state_rates = {
+        v["regionCode"]: v["emissions"]
+        for k, v in packaged.items()
+        if not k.startswith("_") and k != "usa"
+    }
+
+    rebuilt = script.build_usa_emissions(
+        state_rates, packaged["usa"]["emissions"], 2023
+    )
+
+    assert rebuilt == packaged
+
+
+def test_read_egrid_rates_from_workbook(script, tmp_path):
+    pytest.importorskip("openpyxl")
+    import pandas as pd
+
+    workbook = tmp_path / "egrid.xlsx"
+    with pd.ExcelWriter(workbook) as writer:
+        for sheet, frame in {
+            "ST23": pd.DataFrame({"PSTATABB": ["GA", "VT"], "STC2ERTA": [717.4, 52.2]}),
+            "US23": pd.DataFrame({"USC2ERTA": [770.9]}),
+        }.items():
+            pd.DataFrame([["description"] * len(frame.columns)]).to_excel(
+                writer, sheet_name=sheet, index=False, header=False
+            )
+            frame.to_excel(writer, sheet_name=sheet, index=False, startrow=1)
+
+    state_rates, national_rate = script.read_egrid_rates(workbook, 2023)
+
+    assert state_rates == {"GA": 717.4, "VT": 52.2}
+    assert national_rate == 770.9